Critical swimming speed (CSS) tests were developed by Wakayoshi and his associates to estimate the threshold pace for endurance training. The defined the critical swimming speed as the fastest speed swimmers could maintain continuously without exhaustion. Therefore, they believe that it represents an athlete’s maximal lactate steady state.
The procedure of determining the critical swimming speed involves swimming a minimum of two time trials from a push off, although three or more trials are recommended. Any combination of the following time trial distances have been recommended for this purpose: 50, 100, 200, and 400m. When only two time trials are used, the distances should be considerably different. There should be at least a 30 minute rest between swims. It is also recommended that the swims should be performed over a 2 or 3 days period, especially when the 3 or 4 time trials are used.
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